The US-Swiss deal giving the Internal Revenue Service access to 4,450 secret accounts came after bitter wrangling that even put their bilateral ties in jeopardy.
After extending billions of dollars to protect themselves from the economic turmoil, the US moved to arrest the trend of exorbitant pay among the nation's big entities like Citigroup, Bank of America and American International Group.
A tax assessment panel found violations such as failure to get their accounts signed by auditors, providing loans to partners without guarantee and interest and hiding income from coaching business, following which it decided to impose a penalty on ICAI, a government official said.
Banks completed a full circle in 2008, as famed lenders from New York to Tokyo turned beggars who lined up for bailouts from their respective governments.